Abduction, Reason, and Science

Processes of Discovery and Explanation

Contents

Chapter 1 Hypothesis Generation

1

1. Reminiscence, tacit knowledge, schematism

1

2. Generate and test

11

Chapter 2 Theoretical Abduction

15

1. What is abduction?

15

1.1 Abduction and retroduction

15

1.2 ST-MODEL and the syllogistic framework

17

25

2. The sentential framework

29

2.1 Abduction and induction in logic programming

36

3. Model-based creative abduction

38

3.1 Conceptual change and creative reasoning in science

38

3.2 Model-based abduction

41

4. Model-based heuristic and deductive reasoning

47

5. Automatic abductive scientists

49

Chapter 3 Manipulative Abduction

53

1. Manipulative abduction in scientific discovery

53

2. Epistemic mediators and manipulative reasoning

59

3. Segregated knowledge and the "world of paper"

63

4. Non-conceptual and spatial abilities

67

Chapter 4 Diagnostic Reasoning

71

1. Is medical reasoning abductive?

72

2. Cognitive models

77

3. The need for an epistemological architecture of medical KBSs

82

4. NEOANEMIA

85

5. Basic science reasoning and clinical reasoning intertwined

88

6. Cognitive models and medical education

92

7. The centrality of abduction

95

Chapter 5 Visual and Temporal Abduction

98

1. Visual abduction

98

1.1Visual imagery

98

1.2 Knowledge representation scheme

98

1.3 Imagery and problem-solving

105

1.4 Visual abduction

106

2. Temporal abduction

115

2.1 Temporal reference

115

2.2 Science and time: the forgotten dimension

116

2.3 Computational philosophy of time

119

Chapter 6 Governing Inconsistencies

125

1. Roads to changes in theoretical systems

125

2. Governing inconsistencies in abductive reasoning

129

2.1 Finding inconsistencies I: empirical anomalies

130

2.2 Finding inconsistencies II: conceptual anomalies

133

2.3 Generating inconsistencies by radical innovation

135

2.4 Maintaining inconsistencies

136

2.5 Contradicting, conflicting, failing

138

2.6 Inconsistencies and narrative abduction

139

3. Preinventive forms, disconfirming evidence, unexpected findings

140

Chapter 7 Hypothesis Withdrawal in Science

145

1. Withdrawing unfalsifiable hypotheses

145

1.2 Negation as failure in query evaluation

146

1.3 Withdrawing constructions

149

1.4 Withdrawing conventions

149

2. Theoretical anomaly resolution

156

2.1 Scientific concept formation and spatial thinking

162

2.2. Anomaly resolution and spatial reasoning

163

References

171

Author Index

191

Subject Index

197